pTkfbsTjsf] ;fdflhs cfofd k|rlnt ljsf; df]8]nx?af6 k|efljt ePsf] x'G5 . ljsf; df]8]nx?af6 g} ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ;+/rgf to x'g] x'Fbf cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] jfl~5t lgdf{0f klg ;fy} a9fpg' k5{ . ;fdfGotof xfdLn] afFRg rfx]sf] h:tf] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f klg s]an pkof]lutf clwlss/0fdf dfq cfwfl/t x'g' x'Fb}g . ;fdflhs d"No / cGt/j}olQms ;DjGwx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;dfj]; ug]{ tkm{ klg s]lGb|t x'g' k5{ . pTkfbsTjnfO{ cfly{s -ef}lts_ ;d'GgtLsf] Ps dfq ckl/xfo{ dfkssf] ?kdf lnOg' h?/L 5}g . To;f] ul/Psf] v08df pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfPsf] a]nf cGof}nsf] cj:yf cfpg ;Sg]5 / pTkfbsTj:t/nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ k|sf/sf cNksfnLg pkfox? ckgfOg] cj:yf kg{ ;Sg] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf >lds s6f}tLnfO{ ;a} eGbf ;xhtd pkfosf] ?kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . Pl;ofnL /fi6«x?n] ljsf;sf j}slNks df]8]nx?sf] ljZn]if0faf6 w]/} l;Sg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x? cd]l/sL eGbf sd 306f sfd ug{ k|j[Q x'G5g\ t/ plgx?sf] k|lt 306f pknAwL eg] a9L x'G5 . o;/L sd sfo{306f rfxg'df plgx?n] cfosf] ;§f cf/fdnfO{ k|d'vtf lbg] ;xdltk"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf 5g\ . cy{tGqn] ;DklQsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ug]{ sfd u5{ . t/ cg's/0fsf nflu ljZj ;dIf k|:t't pTkfbg df]8]nx?sf] cGwfg's/0fn] ;ª\s6 tkm{ dfq ws]N5 . ljsf;zLn Pl;ofnL /fi6«x?n] o:tf k|e'Tjsf/L pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf cjnDjg ug'{ cuf8L logLx?af6 x'g] c;/x?sf] af/]df w}o{tfsf ;fy ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ . To;sf/0f hLjg:t/ cWoog s]Gb| -CLS Canada_ n] pTkfbsTjsf] ;fdflhs cfofd af/]df ;g\ @))@ df u/]sf] cWoogdf p7fOPsf k|d'v d'2f dWo] Ps pTkfbsTjnfO{ Ps r'gf}lt lalxg kIfsf] ?kdf x]l/g' xF+b}g . xfd|f] ;fk]lIfs hLjg :t/df x|f; x'g'sf] cy{ hLjgs} u'0f:t/df x|f; x'g' xf] eGg] ;f]lrg' cfjZos 5}g .

ljutdf w]/} aif{;Dd Pª\unf] :ofS;g -cd]l/sL_ tyf slG6g]G6n o'/f]lkog -o'/f]k]nL_ ljsf; df]8]n lar ljZjJofkL lzif{tfsf nflu xf]8jfhL rln /x\of] . oL b'O{ df]8]n larsf] leGgtf s] /x]sf 5g\ eg] cd]l/sL df]8]nn] JolQmut hf]lvd axg, v'nfkg, lghLs/0f tyf j}olQms hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} sNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ffnfO{ Go"g ?kdf dxTj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . csf]{ lt/ o'/f]k]nL df]8]nn] ;fdflhs ;Ddlt tyf pQ/bfloTj k|lt a9L ;dtfjfbL b[li6sf]0f /fVb} a[xt sNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ffnfO{ dxTj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . t/ xfn cfP/ o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3n] ;d]t cfˆgf] cy{tGqnfO{ a9L v'nfkg Pj+ lghLs/0f tkm{ cu|;/ u/fPsf] 5 . Business Week klqsfn] ;g\ !((( df u/]sf] pTs[i6 ljZjJofkL skf{]/]zgx?sf] juL{s/0fdf zLif{ bz dWo] cf7f}+ :yfg;Dd cd]l/sL skf]{/]zgx? g} k/]sf]n] cd]l/sL df]8]n g} ljsf; df]8]nsf ?kdf k|lt:yflkt x'g k'u]sf] pbfx/0f b]lvG5 .

cd]l/sL cy{tGqsf] cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds cu|tf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] k'gM ;+/rgfsf] nfdf] k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd :j?k k|fKt ePsf] eGg] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !($% b]lv !(&) sf] cjlw lar cd]l/sL cy{tGqn] c;dfgfGt/ cfly{s ;Dd'Ggltsf] pkef]u u¥of] . kmn:j?k cd]l/sLx?n] pRr cfo a[l4 nfesf] cj;/ k|fKt u/] .

ljZjsf ljsl;t cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqx? dWo] cd]l/sfn] g} ;a} eGbf klxn] bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kZrftsf pTkfbg ;Ë7g df]8]ndf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ bjfjnfO{ dx;'; u¥of] . tbg'?k ;g\ !(&) sf bzssf] ;'?df :jrfng -Automation_ df a[l4 u/L pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ ug{ yflnof] . t/ oL k|of;x?n] w]/} :yflkt dfGotf tyf ;+:sf/x?df ljrng klg lgDTofP . kmn:j?k pTkfbsTjdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ u/L sfdbf/ ;xof]u -Worker Co-operation) df x|f; cfof] . cd]l/sfn] pQm bzsdf ef]Ug' k/]sf cfly{s cjgltsf cj:yfsf nflu cGo b'O{ sf/0fnfO{ klg cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . lj1x?sf cg';f/ Pp6f sf/0f Pl;ofsf gj ljsf;zLn cy{tGqx?sf] pbosf] kmn:j?k ljZj ahf/df ;:tf] t/ :t/Lo pTkfbgx?sf] k|jfx;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . bf]>f] sf/0f rfxL+ nrsbf/ j}lzli7s/0f -Flexible specialization_df gljg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

;g\ !(() sf] kl5Nnf] ;do lt/ cd]l/sL cy{tGqn] cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] :j?knfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ cl3 j9\g yfn] k:rft hd{g tyf hfkfgL df]8nx? cfˆgf] dxTj u'dfpb} hfg yfn] . of] Tolx cjlw lyof] ha cd]l/sL Joj;flos cjwf/0ff clt k|rfl/t x'g yfNof] . cd]l/sfn] k|f/De u/]sf] nrsk"0f{ cEof;x? -Flexible Practices_
-h:t} nrsbf/ >d cEof;x?, ;Ë7gsf] cfsf/ 36fpFb} k'gM ;+/rgf ug]{, sd;n sfo{ ;Dkfbgstf{jf6 5'6sf/f kfpFb} a9L bIfx?nfO{ egf{ ug]{, pTkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ jfXos/0f -Outsourcing_ ug]{ OTofflb_ n] cd]l/sL cy{tGqnfO{ pNn]vgLo df]8 lng ;3fof] . kmn:j?k o; k|sf/sf nfesf/L cEof;x?sf] cg's/0f ug{ ;+;f/sf cGo cf}Bf]lus /fi6«nfO{ xfn cfP/ cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 . ;':t ultsf] o; k|sf/sf] cd]l/sL k|wfGotf r'gf}tL ljlxg eg]

/x]g . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pl;ofnL pTkfbsTj ;Ë7g -APO) sf dxf;lrjn] ;g\ @))) df cfˆgf >f]tfx?nfO{ cd]l/sL cEof;nfO{ perfect eg]/ 7flgg' x'b}g eGg] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{ eof] . ;g\ !(^! df :yflkt o; ;Ë7gsf] lbuf] cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] :yfkgf ug]{ tyf pTkfbgdf ;+nUg k|d'v tLg36ssf dfem pTkfbsTjhlgt nfedf Gofof]lrt c+lzof/L k|bfg ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . o; nIosf] k|ltkfbgn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7g -ILO) sf] lkmnf8]NkmLof 3f]if0ff -;g\ !($%_ df lglxt >d ;DaGwL dfGotfnfO{{ an k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

ljsf; cg';Gwfgdf ;Dj4x?n] s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ eg] ;3g cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{ tyf cfly{s dGbLn] Joj;flos ;Ë7gx?nfO{ nfut s6f}tL / hgzlQm nufgLdf cTolws s6f}tL ug]{ lbzf tkm{ ws]n]sf 5g\ . /f]huf/bftfnfO{ cNksfnLg tyf df};dL jf cfsl:ds/0f k|s[ltsf /f]huf/x? cfsif{s jg]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs jgf}6nfO{ vt/f k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eGg] ;ª\sfnfO{ an k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . hd{gL tyf k"jL{ Pl;ofnL /fi6«x?nfO{ ljutdf 36]sf 36gfx?af6 PËnf]:ofS;g -cd]l/sL_ tyf slG6g]G6n o'/f]k -o'/f]k]nL_ x?n] k|:t't u/]sf Ps csf{;Fu ljkl/t ljsf;sf df]8]nx?sf jf/]df d"Nofª\sg u/L t'ngfTds nfe lng] df}sf k|fKt 5 . oL /fi6«n] pTkfbgsf ljleGg df]8]nx?nfO{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fjf6 Pl;ofn] nlIft ug'{ kg]{ ljsf; tyf pGgltsf nflu s'g df]8]n pko'Qm x'g ;S5 eGg] 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsg]5, lsgeg] ljleGg cWoogx?af6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 sL ;dfg k|sf/sf ljZjJofkL zlQmx?af6 cfxt ePtf klg cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqx? ;j}n] To;nfO{ lgdf{0f÷k'gM lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf Ps} k|sf/n] ;Djf]wg u/]sf 5}gg . cd]l/sfdf ;'/If0ffTds, cfwf/x?sf] vf/]hLnfO{ hf]8 lbOof] h:sf] kmn:j?k cf}Bf]lus ljZj dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L ToxfF afn u/LaLsf] df/ kg{ uof], t/ hfkfg tyf klZrdL o'/f]k -;+o'Qm clw/fHo jfx]s_ n] sfdbf/ ;+/If0f tyf ;'/Iff ;~hfnsf] df]8]nnfO{ cflËsf/ u/] . jt{dfg k|lt:kwf{Tds xf]8jfhLdf xfdL s] lj;{g vf]Hb}5f}+ eg] cfly{s ;+/rgfx? k|s[lt k|bQ xf]Ogg\, ltgLx? dfgj k|of;åf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'g . To;}n] cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ax'36sx? ;a}nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] tkm{af6 of]ubfg lbg cfdlGqt Pj+ k|f]T;flxt ul/g' k5{ . plgx?sf lardf ;Djfbsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{ pQd cu|ufdL dfu{ x'g]5 . zlQmdf /x]sfx?sf] PstkmL{ lg0f{on] k|To'Tkfbs kl/0ffd tkm{ dfq 8f]¥ofpg]5 .

To;sf/0fn] klg ;g\ !(&) tyf !(*) sf] bzsdf cfˆgf] k|lt:kwf{Tds cu|tfnfO{ k'gM k|flKt ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf cg';f/ cd]l/sfdf cjnDjg ul/Psf sfo{ k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf s'/fx?sf] jf/]df dgg Pj+ kl/If0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . sfo{:ynx?df lgoldt ;'wf/ jf~5gLo x'G5 / pTkfbsTjsf] lbuf]kgsf] nflu of] TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pTkfbsTj ;'wf/sf nflu nlIft of]hgf Pj+ pkfox? bL3{sfn;Dd k|efsf/L x'G5g\ x'F+b}g eGg] s'/fdf klg lg/Gt/ n]vfhf]vf ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

cd]l/sL df]8]nx?sf] Pl;og Joj:yfkgdf k/]sf] k|efjx?sf] af/]df ljj]rgf ug'{ kbf{ l;Ëfk'/sf] b[i6fGt k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5, lsg eg] o;sf] cy{tGqsf] v'nfkgsf] sf/0f l;Ëfk'/ xfn cfP/ ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx?sf] pTkfbg ynf] aGg uPsf] tYon] ;d]t-&% k|ltzt eGbf a9L pTkfbgzLn ;DklQ ljb]zLx?sf] :jfldTjdf 5_ o;sf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf a9L dfGotf k|fKt ljZjJofkL df]8]nx?n] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] tkm{ ;ª\s]t 5 .

ljZjJofkL k|lt:kwf{Tds bafasf sf/0f Joj;flos ;+:yfx? nfut s6f}tL ul/ pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] vfnsf pTkfbg df]8]nx?sf] vf]lhdf nfUg jfWo ePsf 5g\ . ef/t tyf rLgdf ePsf] k'Flhjfbsf] ljsf;sf] r'gf}tLsf sf/0f klg Pl;ofnL /fi6«sf sDkgLx? tyf ;/sf/x? o:tf] k|sf/sf df]8]n kQf nufpg cft'/ 5g\ h; dfkm{t pgLx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds cu|tf k|fKt xf];\ . o;} kl/k|]Ifdf cd]l/sL lgudx?nfO{ ljZjsf clt k|lt:kwf{Tds dWo]sf ?kdf ul/Psf] k|If]k0fn] cd]l/sL sfo{:yn ;Ë7gx? -vf; u/]/ pRr sfo{ ;DkfbgzLn ;Ë7gx? -High Performance Work Organizations (HPWOs_ cg's/0fsf nflu cfbz{ df]8]nsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . t/ cd]l/sL cy{tGq tyf ;dfhn] s;/L sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df ulx/f] ;dembf/L / hfgsf/L lagf g} Pl;ofnL g]tfx? cfˆgf] cy{tGqnfO{ cd]l/sL :t/sf] ;dsIfL agfpg k|of;/t ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cd]l/sL /f]huf/ ;DjGwL cfª\s8fx?nfO{ cS;/ u/]/ cfwf/ dfGg] ul/G5 t/ cd]l/sg PS:k]|; sDkgL -American Express Company_ n] a]/f]huf/L u0fgfsf] hd{g tl/sf ckgfO u/]sf] u0fgf cg';f/ cd]l/sfdf jf:tljs a]/f]huf/L b/ cflwsfl/s cfª\sng eGbf bf]Aa/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

o; kl/k]|Ifdf cd]l/sL cfly{s ljsf;sf] df]8]n cg's/0f ug]{ af6f]df nfu]sf Pl;ofnL /fi6«sf g]tfx?n] o;af6 x'g] kl/0ffdsf jf/]df a9L Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, afn u/LaL tyf cfo c;dfgtfsf] b/ pGgt cf}Bf]lus ljZjsf cGo /fi6«df eGbf cd]l/sfdf clws /x]sf] 5 . ljZj sf/fuf/ hg;ª\Vof ;"rL -World Prison Population List, UK Home Affairs_ cg';f/ ;g\ !(((–@))) sf] cjlwdf k|lt JolQm sf/fjf; b/ ljZj d} ;a} eGbf a9L cd]l/sfdf b]lvof] . h:tf]sL o; cjlwsf] cd]l/sL cf+s8f ^*^ -k|lt nfv hg;ªVofdf_ sf] t'ngfdf hfkfgdf $*, sf]l/ofdf !##, tfOjfgdf @%) / l;Ëfk'/df #%( dfq b]lvof] . To:t} Congressional Budget Office n] k|sflzt u/]sf] gofF cfs8f cg';f/ ;g\ !(&( b]lv @))) ;Dddf ;DkGg / ljkGg larsf] b"/L bf]Aa/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . s]lx ljZn]ifsx?n] jf:tjdf cd]l/sL cy{tGqsf] ;g\ !()) sf] bzssf] ;ª\s'rgaf6 k'g?Tyfg x'gdf jf:tljs Hofnf tyf ;'ljwfx?df sl/a !@–@) k|ltztsf b/n] ul/Psf] s6f}tLnfO{g} cf+lzs sf/ssf] ?kdf cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . t/ o; k|sf/sf] nfut s6f}tLnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+bf o;af6 pTkGg x'g] efjgfTds cnufjsf sf/0f sDkgLx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds cu|tf xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ljj]szLn >dzlQmaf6 al~rt u/fpg ;S5 . o; sfo{df pTkfbsTjnfO{ o;sf] clGtd nIo, dfgj ljsf;nfO{ gsfb}{ ;ª\s'lrt cfly{s wf/0ffdf kl/eflift ul/of] eg] To;sf] kl/0ffd ;fdflhs ljv08g tkm{ pGd'v x'g ;S5 . To:t} pTkfbsTjdf s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df Ps tkmL{ ?kdf lg0f{o ubf{ To; cj:yfdf lglxt kIfsf] Psnf}6L :jfy{nfO{ dfq Wofg lbO{ ;fd'lxs :jfy{nfO{ sd dxTj lb+b} ;Lldt ju{ nfeflGjt x'g] cj:yfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

e"d08nLo c;/x?sf] clgoGq0fLo k|jfxsf afah'b klg cfly{s ;ª\s6sf] ;fdfgf ug'{ kbf{sf] cj:yfdf cy{tGqn] To:nfO{ ;'N‰ofpg] / k'gM lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/L x:tIf]kn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . t/ o; k|sf/sf] ;/sf/L x:tIf]knfO{ lj/f]wfef;o'Qm ljljw 36sx?n] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ logsf jf/]df ;lhn};Fu o:t} x'G5 eg]/ ls6fg ug{ ;lsGg .

pbfx/0fsf nflu l;Ëfk'/df ;g\ !((* sf] cfly{s ;ª\s6af6 u|:t ePsf tyf ;f;{ dxfdf/Ln] NofPsf] cwf]ultsf] j]nf ;/sf/n] /f]huf/bftfsf tkm{af6 lgj[lQe/0f sf]ifdf lbOg] of]ubfgdf ;j{q tLg k|ltztn] s6f}tL ug{ u/]sf] x:tIf]kn] nfut s6f}tLnfO{ /0fgLlts pkfosf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . tbg';f/ l;Ëfk'/sf ;a} kmd{x? olt xb;Dd >lds nfut s6f}tLdf cl3 ;/] ls o; k|s[ofaf6 sDkgLx? :jo+ cfxt x'g] l:ylt b]lvof] .

Towers Perrin -;g\ @))# df ul/Psf] s]xL cd]l/sL tyf Sofgf8]nL Joj:yfkgx?sf] ;e]{If0f_ sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ nfutsf] cTolws s]lGb|s/0fsf sf/0f sDkgLx? cfˆgf] nfut Joj:yfkg ug]{ cj;/af6 lj8Djgfk"0f{ tj/n] al~rt x'g ;S5g,\ h:tf] ls pTkfbsTjsf] lbuf]kgsf nflu clt cfjZos kg]{ ljj]szLn >dsf] ;Djw{g ut]{ tkm{ sfdbf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf hgzlQm nufgLdf ul/g] s6f}tLn] o:tf] kl/0ffd Nofpg ;Sb5g\ . ;e]{If0fdf ;dflji6 ;a} sDkgLx?n] nfut bafasf] ;fdgf ug{ k/]sf] oyfy{tf /x]sf] ePtfklg clwsf+z pRr sfo{ ;Dkfbgstf{ -High Performing_ sDkgLx? b]xfo tkm{ k|ljQ /x]sf] kfOof]M–

s_ k'/:sf/ Joj:yf lgwf{/0f ubf{ bL3{sfnnfO{ dxTj lbg],

v_ ;~rf/ tyf k'/:sf/ k4lt lgwf{/0fsf ;Gbe{df sfdbf/ tyf sDkgL b'j}sf]] p2]Zox?nfO{ cfj4 ug]{,

u_ cfly{s–df}lb|s kfl/>ldsnfO{ sd dxTj lbFb} sfdaf6} lg>[t x'g] cGt/lglxt k'/:sf/nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/ k|f]T;fxgsf] cjwf/0fnfO{ lj:tfl/t ug]{ .

pk/f]Qm j:t''l:yltsf] cy{ xf] nfut s6f}tL bafasf] s'g} ;j{ Joflk pQ/ gePs} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;/sf/L rf;f] ck]lIft x'g k'U5 . csf]{ tkm{ /fHon] klg cj;/ / kF'hLsf] clea[l4 u/L >d zlQmnfO{ ahf/ cled'vL x'g clek|]l/t ug]{ tkm{ ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . pk/f]Qm k|;ª\udf of] eGg ;lsG5 ls l;Ëfk'/ /fHo ;/sf/n] ;Lk ljsf;nfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ k|;:t sfo{ u/]sf] 5 tfklg lj;fn k|lzIf0f jh]6 dfq ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt xF'b}g . k|lzIf0f -tflnd_ sfo{ s]xL lgsfosf] lgoGq0f cGt/ut s]lGb|t x'g uof] eg] To:n] lj/f]w pTkGg x'g ;S5 / lj;fn ah]6x?sf] cljj]sk"0f{ k|of]u x'g hfG5 . o;y{, clgjfo{ tflndx?nfO{ sfo{ cfjZostf;Fu c;DjlGwt x'g glbg sfdbf/x?nfO{ Joj;fo s;/L ;~rfng x'G5 / plgx?nfO{ Joj;fo;Fu s;/L ;+nUg u/fpg] eGg] a'emfpg] lsl;dn] ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . o; l:yltn] l;Ëfk'/sf kmd{x? sDkgLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DjGwdf ;Djfb / ;xeflutfsf nflu clgR5's 5g\ eGg] b;f{pF5 .

k/Dk/fut l;+9Lj4 ;+/rgfnfO{ g} ;an agfpg] gLltx?n] hgzlQm ljsf;nfO{ cj?4 ug]{ l:ylt pTkGg ub{5g\ . tfgfzfxL k|j[ltsf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0f kSs} klg cg's'n xF'b}g . o:n] sfo{ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ltef ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{ cf}hf/sf ?kdf o;sf] k|of]unfO{ clwstf k|bfg ug{ kSs} klg d2t ub}{g . d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] a9L Gofof]lrt k|of]u Pj+ JolQm k|lt s]lGb|t gul/sg sDkgLsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbOg]] k|0ffnLn] tNnf] txdf x'g] s6'tf Pj+ /fhgLlts/0fnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd kG5fpg ;S5 / o;af6 ;+:yf leq efjgfTds jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 . of] cj:yf sfdbf/x? / Joj:yfkg lar ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] kxnsf nflu Hofb} lg0ff{os x'G5 . d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] cljj]sL jf hyefjL k|of]un] s]xL yf]/} dfq nuftf/ k'/:s[t x'g k'U5g\ / o;sf] lg/Gt/tfn]] ;+:yf leq dfq geO{ ;fdflhs ljrng ;d]t k}bf ug{ ;Qm5 .

Pl;ofnL cy{tGqn] Psftkm{ b|'t ultn] ljsf; ul//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ o;af6 dflg;x?nfO{ plgx?sf] kf/:kl/s ;'/Iff ;~hfnaf6 al~rt u/fpFb} kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos ;DjGwx?df k|lts'n c;/ klg lgDTofosf]] 5 . kl/jf/ tyf cflTdo ;DjGwx?sf] k'gM lgdf{0f sfo{ /fHosf] k|fyldstfdf kg'{ k5{ . /fHox?n] cfly{s gLltx?sf] vfsf tof/ ubf{ g}lts clt;of]lQmsf] ;6[f ;fdflhs ;~hfnLs/0f lgdf{0f u/L kfl/jfl/s tyf cflTdo ;DjGwx?sf] ;'b[9tfnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ dxTj lbg' k5{ . o;sf ;fy} /fHox? ;fd'bflos cv08tfnfO{ oyfjt /fVgsf] nflu kfl/jfl/s ;~hfnsf] ;ª\s'rg jf ljv08gsf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg tTk/ /xg' kb{5 .

hfkfg / klZrd o'/f]k]nL h:tf a9L zfGt tyf ;'b[9 ;dfhx?df c;n cfo ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt e};s]sf] 5 lsg eg] pgLx?sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] df]8]n ;Gt'lnt 5 . o; l:yltdf pTkfbgzLn ;+;fwgnfO{ a9L sf/fuf/ -h]n_ lgdf{0f h:tf cg'Tkfbs sfo{df w]/} v]/ kmfNg' kg]{ cj:yf kb}{g . ;fdflhs k'gM lgdf{0f tkm{ pGd'v Pl;ofnL ;dfhx?n] r/d :jR5GbjfbL Jofkfl/s :jtGqtf tkm{ cl3 a9\g' xF'b}g . s'g} Ps ljz]ifkIf tkm{ dfq ;ª\s'lrt ?kdf Wofg lbg'sf] ;6[f xfdLn] ltgLx?sf] ;dfh / ;d'bfon] s] s;/L sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] tkm{ klg ulxl/P/ dgg ug'{ kb{5 . olb pTkfbsTj a9fpg'sf] dg;fo ;d'Ggt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] eg] o;sf nflu cg's/0fLo df]8]n 5gf}6 ug{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf ;fdflhs kl/;"rsx?sf] k|of]u ug'{ g} pQd ;f]rfO{ x'g ;S5 .

k|:t'tstf{M 8fod08 lszf]/ sfsL{, /f=p=tyf cf=lj=s]= .
Source: (Symposium on Social Dimensions of Productivity, APO, 16-18 Dec. 2003, sf] k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t_